As Isaac Asimov points out in his endlessly informative Asimov’s Guide to the Bible: The Old Testament by Isaac Asimov (September 19,1973), the authors of these early histories were farmers and settled city-men who would doubtless have viewed nomads as a threat to their civilisation: the nomads were potential invaders and raiders.

If we put these two names together, we find that Cain represents the farmer and skilled artisan, while Abel represents the herdsman or nomad. Meanwhile, ‘Abel’ is believed to be derived from Jubal or Jabal, the ancestor of nomadic shepherds. In Genesis 4:22 we learn that ‘Tubal-cain’ was ‘an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron’, which lends credence to this etymology (Tubal was a district in Asia Minor, in what is now Turkey).

‘Cain’ is from a root word meaning ‘forge’ or ‘smith’, and is cognate with the Arabic kain, which means the same thing. But a clue to the origins of the Cain and Abel story may also lie in the symbolic meanings of the brothers’ two names.

Cain and abel bible verse